Asbestos Essay Research Paper Asbestos is the free essay sample

Asbestos Essay, Research Paper Asbestos is the lone natural inorganic hempen stuff that has attained commercial importance, and peculiarly in the last 20 old ages. The current period after World War II has witnessed a vigorous development in all technological countries where asbestos plays a portion ( Oesper 1 ) . The word asbestos is derived from a Grecian adjectival significance inextinguishable. The # 8220 ; miracle mineral # 8221 ; as it was referred to by the Greeks, was admired for its soft and field belongingss, every bit good as its ability to defy heat. Asbestos was spun and woven into fabric as the same mode as cotton. It was besides utilised for wicks in sacred lamps. In engineering and industry the term asbestos is applied to the hempen crystalline assortments of five distinguishable natural silicates. Merely those asbestoses with fiber lengths that permit their fabric processing were truly desired. Asbestos is a of course happening mineral. It is distinguished from other stuffs by the fact that its crystals form long, thin fibres. We will write a custom essay sample on Asbestos Essay Research Paper Asbestos is the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The primary sites of commercial production of asbestos are: Canada, the Soviet Union, and South America. Asbestos is besides mined commercially in the United States. An asbestos fibre is defined as a atom which has a length to width ratio equal to or greater than 3:1 and a length greater than 5 um. Asbestos was foremost used in the United States in the early 1900 # 8217 ; s, to insulate steam engines. But until the early 1940 # 8217 ; s, asbestos was non used extensively. However, after World War II, and for the following 30 old ages, people who constructed and renovated schools and other public edifices used asbestos and asbestos -containing stuffs ( ACM ) extensively. They used ACM chiefly to fireproof, insulate, soundproof, and decorate. The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) estimates that there are asbestos incorporating stuffs in most of the state # 8217 ; s about 107,000 primary and secondary schools and 733,000 public and commercial edifices ( Asbestos in Buildings 2 -5 ) . These minerals are hydrated silicates of Mg with variable sums of metals. Three assortments have commercial importance: chrysotile ( white ) , amosite ( brown ) and crocidolite ( bluish ) . As a group, these minerals have good thermal and electrical insulating belongingss, good tensile strength, low chemical activity and do non fire. As a consequence, they were used in over 4000 merchandises. Chrysotile asbestos is mined in Canada and has been the most normally used. The usage of crocidolite asbestos has been banned since 1978. We have learned to depend on these mineral fibres. Fire does non fire them. Alkalis do non eat them. Water does non destruct them. Vermin do non assail them. They do non disintegrate, decompose, or corrode. Surely asbestos is a charming mineral ( Strack 54 ) . Serpentine stone frequently contains chrysotile asbestos, particularly near mistake zones. Serpentine stone is abundant in the Sierra foothills, the Klamath Mountains, and Coast Ranges. Serpentin e stone is typically grey-green to bluish-black in colour and may hold a glistening visual aspect. Asbestos is non found in all snaky stone or mistake zones, but when it does occur, it is typically present in sums runing from less than 1 % up to about 25 % , and sometimes more. Asbestos is released from snaky stone when it is broken or crushed. This can go on when autos drive over unpaved roads or private roads which are surfaced with snaky stone, when land is graded for edifice intents, or at quarrying operations. It is besides released of course through weathering and eroding. Once released from the stone, asbestos can go airborne and may remain in the air for long periods of clip ( Oespert 98 ) . Asbestos has been used in 100s of merchandises. Jointly, these are often referred to as asbestos-containing stuff. Asbestos gained widespread usage because it is plentiful, readily available, and low in cost. Because of its alone belongingss: fire resistant, high tensile strength, haples s heat and electric conduction, and by and large imperviable to chemical onslaughts, asbestos proved well-suited for many utilizations in the building trades ( Pierce ) . One of the most common utilizations for asbestos is as fireproofing stuff. It was sprayed on steel beams, columns, and adorning that were used in building of multistory edifices. This application prevented these structural members from falsifying or fall ining in the event of a fire. Asbestos is besides added to a assortment of edifice stuffs to heighten strength. It is found in concrete and concrete-like merchandises. Asbestos-containing cement merchandises by and large contain Portland cement, sum, and asbestos fibres. The asbestos content may change up to 50 per centum by weight depending on the usage of the merchandise. Asbestos cement merchandises are used as turnout and roofing herpes zosters ; as drywall ; as corrugated and level sheets for roofing, facing, and dividers ; and as pipes. Asbestos has besides b een added to asphalt, vinyl, and other stuffs to do merchandises like roofing felts, exterior turnout, floor tiles, joint compounds, and adhesives ( Med. University of SC. ) . Fibers in asbestos cement, asphalt, and vinyl are normally steadfastly bound in the cement and will be released merely if the stuff is automatically damaged, for illustration by boring, cutting, or sanding. Roofing herpes zosters and turnout may besides demo slow impairment due to enduring. As an dielectric, asbestos received widespread usage for thermic insularity and condensation control. It was normally spray applied, trowel applied, or mill installed on or within equipment. Asbestos is besides a common constituent of brake liners and clasp faces. Asbestos proved valuable as a constituent of acoustical plaster. The stuff was applied by trowel or by spraying on ceilings and sometimes walls. It varies in colour from white to grey # 8211 ; seldom was it painted as a noticeable loss of acoustical value occurs. Similarly as a cosmetic merchandise, asbestos was assorted with other stuffs and sprayed on ceilings and walls to bring forth a soft, textured visual aspect ( Medical University of South Carolina ) . Although asbestos fabric merchandises rand below asbestos cement, frictional stuffs, and shocking composings in money value, they represent the chief feature from this alone inorganic hempen stuff, the lone one of its sort occurring in nature in measures sufficient for commercial intents. The United States is the largest such provider and produces about 40 million dollars yearly ( Oesper 101 ) . Asbestos has been used in the United States since the early 1900 # 8217 ; s, nevertheless, asbestos is no longer allowed as a component in most place merchandises and stuffs. Many older edifices, schools, and places still have asbestos incorporating merchandises. Therefore, Torahs are in topographic point to protect citizens when these edifices are renovated or demolished ( Peters 45 ) . All t ypes of asbestos are risky and may do lung disease and malignant neoplastic disease. Health hazards to people are dependent upon their exposure to asbestos. The longer a individual is exposed to asbestos and the greater the strength of the exposure, the greater the opportunities for a wellness job. Asbestos-related disease, such as lung malignant neoplastic disease, may non happen for decennaries after take a breathing asbestos fibres. Cigarette smoke increases the hazard of lung malignant neoplastic disease from asbestos exposure ( Peters 126 ) . Asbestos-containing stuff is unsafe if the asbestos fibres can be released. Once they are drifting freely in the air, asbestos fibres can be inhaled and do disease. Some ACM can easy be crumbled by manus force per unit area. This soft or loosely-bound stuff is called # 8220 ; crumbly # 8221 ; asbestos. Crumbly ACM is the greatest wellness concern because it can easy let go of story Ers in topographic point Begin to deteriorate, the likeliness of fibre release is even greater. Examples of crumbly asbestos-containing stuffs are fireproofing on structural beams, sprayed-on asbestos ceiling insularity and trowelled-on acoustical insularity. Difficult asbestos-containing stuff, such as vinyl floor tile, in which asbestos fibres are steadfastly bound or encased, does non by and large create exposure jobs. However, even non-friable ACM can let go of fibres and show a jeopardy if it is sanded, cut, land or disturbed in some other manner. Therefore, any stuff that contains asbestos has the potency to let go of fibres and become risky ( Peter 52 ) . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and others distinguish between crumbly and non-friable signifiers of ACM. Crumbly ACM contains more than 1 % asbestos. Other things being equal, crumbly ACM is thought to let go of fibres into the air more readily ; nevertheless, many types of non-friable ACM can besides let go of fibres if disturbed. While it is frequently possible to surmise that a stuff or merchandise contains asbestos by ocular finding, existent finding can merely be made by instrumental analysis. The EPA requires that the asbestos content of fishy stuffs be determin ed by roll uping majority samples and analysing them by polarized visible radiation microscopy ( PLM ) . The PLM technique determines both the per centum and type of asbestos in the majority stuff ( Asbestos in Buildings 1-5 ) . As reported in a study recorded my the National Survey of Asbestos-Containing Friable Materials, rental residential edifices have the highest incidence of sprayed or troweeled-on asbestos incorporating crumbly stuff ( 2-6 ) . After reexamining a study on asbestos in a local Procter and Gamble installation, the safeguards taken are really apparent. The most common manner for asbestos to come in the organic structure is though take a breathing. Once inhaled, the asbestos fibres do non of all time flight and it is thought that even little sums can finally bring forth lung malignant neoplastic disease or mesothelioma, a lung-lining malignant neoplastic disease. Another asbestos disease, asbestosis, requires much larger sums of asbestos in the lungs than could be produced in a abode or a workplace that is non involved in the asbestos concern. Asbestos malignant neoplastic diseases have a long latency period, 20-30 old ages, so that immature people have a greater opportunity to be affected in their life-time than older people ( Pierce ) . Larger fibres normally get trapped in the nose hairs or in the mucose along the external respiration passageways. However, some asbestos fibres are so little that they can short-circuit these organic structure defence mechanism and acquire deep into the lungs. Asbestos can besides come in the digestive piece of land when you eat or smoke in a contaminated country. Asbestos does non go through through the tegument. Asbestosis was the first clearly demonstrated inauspicious consequence of asbestos in adult male. It is a nonmalignant fibrotic lung disease caused by inspiration of asbestos fibres. These fibres in the respiratory system cut down the ability of the lungs to pull out sufficient O from the air. It is associated with exposures to high concentrations of asbestos fibres ( Pierce ) . Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant tumour which normally occurs in the lower lobes of the lungs. While asbestos exposure consequences in a little but important hazard of lung malignant neoplastic disease, coffin nail smoke in concurrence with asbestos exposure leads to a entire malignant neoplastic disease hazard which is many times greater than that from either asbestos exposure or smoking entirely. Mesothelioma is a rare malignant neoplastic disease of the liners of the thorax and abdominal pits. Exposures of merely a few hebdomads continuance to asbestos fibres have resulted in this disease. A alone characteristic of the disease is the long period, by and large 20-30 old ages, between first exposure to asbestos and the visual aspect of a tumour. Asbestos is progressively suspected to hold a function in the development of malignant neoplastic diseases of the voice box and throat ( Pierce ) . Onc e asbestos is determined to be present in a stuff, several options of covering with the stuff are possible. The first option would be to go forth the stuff as is and untasted. This is frequently the option of pick for non-friable stuffs, stuffs which are in nonpublic countries and hence merely impact a few workers trained in asbestos jeopardies, and stuffs which are isolated from human contact. A 2nd option is encapsulation, which means to envelop the stuff without taking it. The enclosure can dwell of a constructed barrier, for case, of finished wallboard over a surface coating, or of painted canvas over pipe insularity. Alternatively, the encapsulation can be a sprayed polymer of two types: penetrating encapsulant, which soaks into the stuff it is sprayed on, and bridging encapsulant, which merely seals the surface, like pigment. Even though the release of fibre is minimized or eliminated with encapsulation, the asbestos is still present, and the potency for fibre release ever exi sts. The 3rd option is removal, in which the asbestos-containing stuff is scraped off, chopped off or otherwise gotten rid and taken out of the edifice. Preparation of the edifice so as to forestall taint of the premises is extended and disposal of the stuff is expensive, so removal is the least economical of the three options. It has the advantage that the asbestos is for the most portion gone, except those parts of the edifice that are unaccessible ( Asbestos in Buildings 3-1 ) . The lone manner to cognize if a merchandise contains asbestos is to direct a piece of the fishy stuff to a qualified research lab, called a majority sample. Merely certain sorts of microscopes can be used to analyse the sample: a polarising light microscope or an negatron microscope ( Pierce ) . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has established a really wide prohibition on the industry, processing, importing, and distribution of stuffs or merchandises that contain asbestos. These ordinances were initiated in 1990, and was put in full force in 1997. This prohibition will ensue in riddance of asbestos in insularity, brakes, floor and ceiling tiles, cement, paper, and about all other asbestos-containing stuffs. Second, EPA has established ordinances that require school systems to look into whether asbestos exposure is a job inside their school edifices, and if so, to cut down or extinguish the exposure, either by taking the asbestos or by covering it up so it can non acquire into air. In add-on, EPA provides counsel and support for cut downing asbestos exposure in other public edifices. Third, EPA regulates the release of asbestos from mills and during constructing destruction or redevelopment to forestall asbestos from acquiring into the environment. EPA besides regulates the disposal of waste asbestos stuffs or merchandises, necessitating these to be placed merely in sanctioned locations. Fourth, EPA has proposed a bound of 7 million fibres per litre on the concentrati on of long fibres that may be present in imbibing H2O ( Asbestos in Buildings 5-4 ) . BibliographyAsbestos in Buildings: A National Survey. Washington, D.C. : Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1984.Medical University of South Carolina. Asbestos Background Information. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.musc.edu/DEHS/AsbestosInfo.htm ] . Oesper, Ralph. Asbestos Fundamental. New York: Chemical Publishing Company, Inc. , 1963Peter, George. Asbestos Review and Update. New York: Garland Law Publishing, 1987.Pierce, Larry. Information about Asbestos. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fiberq.com/Info/Asbestos.html ] ; 1989. Procter and Gamble Asbestos Control Program Manual. 1988.Strack, Lilian. Asbestos, A Magic Mineral. London: Harpists and Brothers, 1941.

Reflective Understanding Of Prince2 Principles In A Project Environment The WritePass Journal

Reflective Understanding Of Prince2 Principles In A Project Environment WRITEPASS REFLECTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING Reflective Understanding Of Prince2 Principles In A Project Environment ), the quality approach allows the planning of systematic activities leading to the identification of the company’s products, the project’s products, and the tracking of the quality methods. Customers’ expectations are analysed, an acceptance criteria is created, and this leads to the detailed project product description. The next task is to generate a project response, and a quality register. Quality, according to the definition of PRINCE2, is â€Å"The total amount of features or characteristics of a product, such that it meets expectations and satisfies the stated needs. Saying that all features of the product have to work as expected for a given amount of time† (London South Bank University, 2016). Simply put, the main purpose of the quality theme is to ensure that all the products are fit for their purpose. This approach signifies that if the quality of the products is compromised, the outcomes of the project will be negatively affected, as well. Befo re implementing the PRINCE2 project, it is necessary to agree on the acceptance criteria and quality expectations. For quality planning, the MoSCoW method of prioritisation should be used: must have, should have, could have, and won’t have for now. This information is detailed in the CIPFA (2012) publication. Risk Theme The risk management and monitoring features implemented in PRINCE2 are as follows: identifying risk, assessing it, planning (to avoid, exploit, reject, etc.) the risk, implementation of actions by risk owners, and communication through checkpoints, highlights, and reports, according to the PowerPoint lecture of London South Bank University (2016). The identification of risk is followed by their qualitative assessment: high, medium, or low risk categories, and the assessment of each risk’s potential impact. Risk responses can be avoidance, exploitation, enhancement, reduction, or sharing. Change Theme Ferguson (2011) describes this theme as the ability to identify and control baselines, changes, and approve or reject them. The online article talks about the applicability of PRINCE on smaller scale projects.   Change management should be based on aligning the objectives of the project with the current changes, and making adjustments in order to meet the expectations of the project owners and the customers. For example, the implementation of a change might change the projected outcomes, therefore, changes need to be made. Progress Theme The Progress theme can be described as providing periodic snapshots of the level of completion and performance towards the objectives (Oracle, 2011). Under this theme, the calculations of Earned Value and Earned Value Projection are completed, and this allows project owners and directors to see the value of work completed against the resources used. Thresholds are also important in this bench-marking process. Conclusion Based on the above review, the main benefits of PRINCE2 for companies can be highlighted as: real time input and monitoring, risk management, performance and quality control abilities, and clear definition of objectives. The main benefit of the PRINCE2 method is that it provides a standard and common language for project management professionals. I believe that adapting the management approach can improve the success rate of small- and large-scale projects alike. Bibliography CIPFA. 2012. PRINCE2 Quick Reference Guide. Ferguson, C. 2011. PRINCE2 for Small-scale Projects. Novare Consulting. London South Bank University. 2016. PRINCE2 Presentations and Lectures. Marsh, D., 1996. Project management and PRINCE.  Health Informatics,  2(1), pp.21-27. Murray, A. 2010. White-paper: PRINCE2 AND Governance. Outperform. Document Number: 1042-01-01 Version Number: 1v0 Oracle. 2011. PeopleSoft Projects (ESA) Support for PRINCE2. An Oracle White Paper June 2011 TSO. 2009a. Managing and Directing Successful Projects with PRINCE2. The Stationary Office. TSO. 2009. The Executive Guide to Directing Projects: within a PRINCE2â„ ¢ and MSP ® Environment, TSO 2009

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Article review - Essay Example The second recommendation that the article makes contends that math programs for children must shift from focusing on numeracy and begin to explore concepts and ideas, which will develop a more powerful foundation in math (Burghes, 2012). Thirdly, the article recommends that math teachers need to focus more on designing better lesson plans. By studying the Japanese structure of lesson study, in which the math teachers undergo professional development by using their ‘research lessons’ to share their practice (Burghes, 2012). The article contends that this type of professional development successfully changes approaches to teaching since it gets all teachers engaged and on board. In the lesson study, the article proposes that teachers should first come up with an overarching lesson study aim. In addition, they should agree on the objectives for each lesson among themselves, plan a research lesson that satisfies two or more of the objectives, carry out an in-depth review after teaching the lessons, and note action plans that will be disseminated to be used for the next lesson cycle. Finally, the author claims that learning mathematical concepts will only be improved with leadership. The math coordinator mus t be a leader in the initiative to improve teaching and learning of math concepts. The coordinator will take responsibility for supporting and encouraging the rest, discussion and monitoring their progress, and intervening in the presence of uncertainties and problems (Burghes, 2012). The article studies an innovative math program for children that have achieved impressive results in Hungary, which is called the Mathematics Enhancement Program (Burghes, 2012). Most of the lessons learnt from the article are relevant in the US math curriculum. It is non-confrontational and friendly, encouraging teachers to engage pupils in discussion to find solutions to problems in math. The innovative structure enables the lesson plans to support class

Research, Writing, and Rhetoric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

, Writing, and Rhetoric - Research Paper Example The issue of influences of human behaviour is a fundamental area of study in the contemporary society where issues of morality and ethics almost always touch families and professions. A paradigm shift in the societal mindset is required to alter its potential to cause negative behaviours in the population. The power of a situation shapes the character traits of society members. Dawn K.Coutant, author of â€Å"The effect of A Power-Imbalanced Situation on The Cognitive Processing Of Low-Power Group Members† claims that when a child is born, the brain is blank (78). Knowledge is written into the brain from the experiences as one interacts with the environment. A range of factors such as culture, emotions and authority influences the traits of a person and impacts behavior. The socio-economic environment and situations surrounding the environment affects the traits of people more than they know. A person’s friends, family members, enemies, systems and even the media impact on his behavior in very fundamental ways. Many may argue about personality differences, which are inborn and not affected by the environment, but these traits are developed by situations surrounding the environment. There are certain standards and expectations that the society puts on every one of its mem bers. Adam D. Galinsky, author of â€Å"Power Reduces The Press Of The Situation: Implications For Creativity, Conformity, And Dissonance† states that the behavior of the members of the society is a product of these expectations (14). The society tells human beings what to do and how to do it. It prescribes the mode of behavior and conduct. In his book, â€Å"Replicating Milgram: Would People still Obey Today?,† Jerry M Burger explains the findings of an experiment that replicated Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies. His studies allowed for useful comparisons with the

The Bond Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bond Market - Research Paper Example On the other hand, corporate debt refers to the property owned by a business, which can serve as an income distress absorber to a specific class of stakeholders. This paper intends to outline the issues that surround bond market in the current market. The U.S. Federal Reserve (â€Å"the Fed†) plays a progressively active role in the performance of the economy and financial markets with its numerous tools. How does Federal Reserve policy affect the bond market? Essentially, the Federal Reserve plays a key role in providing a monetary climate, which is intended in promoting economic stability and simultaneously maintaining consistent economic growth. The Federal Reserve strives to maintain the peaks and troughs at minimum levels. It is impertive3 to note that the Federal Reserve accomplishes their role through manipulation of two interest rate levels (Brett, 17). They include the Federal Funds rates and the Discount Rate. The Federal Funds rate refers to the rates banks charge e ach other to borrow reserves overnight while refers to rate the Federal charges for bank reserve borrowing. It is significant that, changes in both rates have a direct impact on the bond market, yield levels. It is imperative to note that, the corporate bonds always yield more than the government bonds. This is to account for the risk. The Federal Reserve plays a key role in influencing the bond market by controlling the prices and rates of bonds. This enhances controlling of the inflations rates. For instance, investors who buy bonds with a maturity period longer than a couple of years ago have augmented risk disclosure to the level of inflation and its attrition of prospect cash flow values (Brett, 15). However, the Federal Reserve moderates this situation by targeting the level of inflation because inflation expectations have bigger shock on the echelon of interest rates for prolonged maturity bonds than shorter outcome consequently, regulation of the bond market. For the case of bonds with long maturity number of years, the Federal Reserve endeavors to regulate inflation rates. This is because, the levels of inflation directly affects the inflation of expectations consequently increased level of interest rates for longer maturity bonds than shorter maturity bonds (Brett, 16). Fundamentally, the Federal Reserve directly controls the shorter maturity yield levels. The influence caused by the Federal Reserve on the interest rates consequently, significant change is indicated in the levels of yields. The yield curve normally represents the yield market levels. More over, Brett asserts that, the current bull market in bonds will only end if inflation rates rise. This implies that, the current economic status is sluggish and it is characterized by unemployment and high rate of inflation. Bibliography Brett Arends. Bonds- Heading from Bull Market to Bubble. The Journal of The Wall Street. 15.9 (2012): 15- 19. Print. What happens to interest rates as bond prices r ise? The bond markets are extremely active. The interest rates are constantly changing in response to numerous factors, which include changes in demand and supply of credit, market psychology, economic conditions, fiscal policy, Federal Reserve policy and exchange rates. It is significant to note that, as interest rates change, a consequent change in values of all bonds in the market place is expected. For instance, when, interest rates increase bonds with longer maturity periods are immensely affected compared with those

Genetic Transformation in E Coli

Genetic Transformation in E Coli Genetic Transformation is the act of changing of DNA in an organism by adding new genes, which may be done in multiple ways. The addition of new genes to DNA could have an almost infinite amount of advantages, ranging from studying the cultures of bacteria that become immune to modern medicine, to making artificial animal proteins. In a CNN article written by Matt Ford, scientists are using genetic transformation to do research on the use of growing animal proteins that the scientists claim will be healthier for the plant and mean less animal cruelty. However, the idea of artificially grow animal protein is still very controversial.ÂÂ   In the experiment performed by our lab, we used the idea of heat shock to genetically transform E coli. Heat shock is the process of exposing the cells to a temporary yet extreme increase in temperature, which temporarily opens the membranes of the cells. The purpose of opening these membranes is that the genes that are placed in the surrounding area will slip into the cell and become part of the DNA of that cell. In this experiment, we were testing whether or not the heat therapy opened the membranes of the cells, and therefore attempting to complete genetic transformation.ÂÂ   In the paper Nonchromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA by Stanley N. Cohen, Annie C.Y. Chang, and Leslie Hsu is also an example of this kind of genetic transformation on E Coli. After the E. Coli was exposed to CaCl2, the E coli did not fully become resistant to antibiotics. The reason was that the E coli also needed the right temperature and conditions for the genes to fully become effective in the E coli. After the E coli was introduced to a heated environment for a short time, and then allowed to change and grow in an incubated environment, the resistance for the antibiotics increased in the E coli. While there have been cases where it was found that heat shock therapy was no t necessary to engage the genetic transformation cycle, as shown in the article One-step preparation of competent Escherichia coli: transformation and storage of bacterial cells in the same solution, we still used the idea of heat shock therapy for our experiment. To begin the experiment, we took two microcentrifuge tubes and labeled them +pGLO and -pGLO. Next, taking a micropipette with a clean tip we put 250 microliters of transformation solution into each of our microcentrifuge tubes. We then put ice into a beaker large enough for ice and our two tubes, and put these materials into the beaker. After, a sterile loop was used to take a single colony of bacteria into each of our tubes, using separate loops to keep them sterile and avoid contamination. After obtaining another new sterile loop, we put the loop into a tube marked pGLO plasmid DNA. This loop was then put into the tube labeled +pGLO and mixed. After this, we left both tubes in the ice beaker for at least ten minutes to get them and their contents to a lower temperature. While these are on ice, we obtained 4 Luria Broth (LB) nutrient agar plates from our lab provider; one LB plate, two LB/ampicillin plates, and one LB/ampicillin /arabinose plates were given to us. After the ten minu tes were over, both tubes were place in water that was 42 degrees Celsius for 50 seconds. After this warm water treatment, we immediately place the tubes back into the ice beaker. After two minutes in the ice beaker, we removed the tubes from the ice beaker. Using a clean tip for each tube on the micropipette, we added 250 microliters of LB nutrient broth to the +pGLO tube and the -pGLO tube and let mixtures sit for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, we gently flicked the tubes to mix the contents of the tubes. Then, we added 100 microliters of +pGLO to the LB/amp nutrient agar plate, 100 microliters of +pGLO to the LB/amp/are plate, 100 microliters of -pGLO to the LB/amp plate, and 100 microliters of -pGLO to the LB plate. Using a new clean and sterile loop for each plate, spread the mixtures of each plate so that they are mixed up well, while being sure not to press hard into the plate. We then closed the plates with their lids and stacked them on top of each other, putting tape around them to keep them in order. We then placed the plates into an incubator for one week. In this experiment, we introduced the pGLO plasmid to E. coli bacteria so that the cells were genetically transform a resistance to ampicilin as well as the ability to produce the protein that causes a glow. We used heat shock therapy in order to introduce the pGLO plasmid stored in an incubation unit the bacteria in agar plate containing ampicilin, arabinose and nutrient broth. As a result, the agar plate containing nutrient broth with the bacteria that had not been given the pGLO plasmid had bacteria grow in the plate. The plate containing nutrient broth and ampicilin with the bacteria, which was not given any pGLO, did not have any bacterial growth in the plate. The plate with nutrient broth and ampicilin that had the bacteria that had been given pGLO did grow new bacteria, but it did not glow. The final plate containing nutrient broth, ampicilin and arabinose and the bacteria that had been given pGLO both grew new bacteria and also glowed under the light. I stated that I believed that the E. coli bacteria that had been given pGLO would not only grow in the presence of ampicilin, but would also glow in the light when there was also arabinose. The results of the experiment did not disprove my hypothesis since the bacteria that had been given pGLO grew in both of the plates with ampicilin present, and glowed in the plate with arabinose present as well. The results of this experiment were consistent with other similar experiments with the same use of heat therapy on genetic transformation. A prime example is the experiment conducted by Cohen, Chang and Hsu in which the method of heat shock was used to introduce antibiotic resistance to E. coli bacteria (Cohen, Chang, Hsu, 1972). The results of the experiment showed that the introduction of R-factor DNA could genetically transform E. coli bacteria to have certain resistances. This experiment helps support our findings since their procedure and outcomes were very similar to our experiment. A few possible errors that occurred in our experiment could include the fact that the bacteria sat for a week after the first part of the experiment instead of being examined after 24 hours, which may have altered the amount of bacteria that was cultured. Also, it was almost impossible to get two halves of the same colony so it is possible that the two samples of E. coli were not genetically identical. However, we do not believe that our experiment had been sufficiently flawed to cause significant error Citations: 1. Meat is murder? Well, perhaps not for much longer. By Matt Ford. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/08/07/eco.invitro.meat/index.html Accessed 11-11-2009 2. Nonchromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli by R-Factor DNA by Stanley N. Cohen, Annie C.Y. Chang, and Leslie Hsu. http://www.pnas.org/content/69/8/2110.abstract.ÂÂ   Accessed 11-10-2009 3. One-step preparation of competent Escherichia coli: transformation and storage of bacterial cells in the same solution by C T Chung, S L Niemela,, and R H Miller. http://www.pnas.org/content/86/7/2172.abstract accessed 11-10-2009 Donna Weedman, 2009 Life 102 Attributes of Living Systems, Cache House Inc. Eden Prairie, MN

Enlightenment: The Light Bulb Of The 1700s :: essays research papers

Enlightenment: The Light Bulb of the 1700's Throughout history many people have changed society with their ideas and actions. Two philosophers whose ideas and actions changed society are Voltaire and John Lock. Martin Luther and Galileo also changed society. John Lock and Voltaire both fought for basic human rights. Voltaire fought for basic religious freedom. He claimed that if god created the Catholic religion and god loves all people, then why does the Catholic religion have the right to torment other religions. As a result of this, Voltaire was exiled. John Lock also fought for human rights. He thought that government should protect the people. John Locke and Voltaire both spoke against a major power. Voltaire spoke against the church while Locke spoke against the government. Thus, change began occurring in both the church and government. John Locke and Voltaire changed society, because now people were beginning to challenge authority. John Locke influenced Thomas Jefferson because Thomas Jefferson believed in life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther and Galileo both disagreed with certain things that the church believed in. Martin Luther said that the only way to atone for your sins were through prayer and contrition. In his 95 Thesis he established that salvation is within oneself and that individual faith in God is very important . But the church did not see it that way. The church believed that the only way to atone for your sins were through indulgences. Indulgences were paying for the removal of your sins. Martin Luther was later excommunicated from the church. Galileo also disagreed with certain things that the church believed in. Galileo proved Aristotle's theory wrong about gravity. One night during dinner, Galileo picked up two pieces of fruit of unequal size. He then dropped them and established that they dropped at the same rate. The church had believed Aristotle's theory. Aristotle said that the two pieces of fruit of unequal size would drop at different rates. Although his theory might have been correct, he

Birth Control in China: the One Child Policy

Population Control In China â€Å" There are many ways to make the death rate increase† (Robert McNamara). The regulation of population via forced abortions, forced sterilizations, infanticide, and government programs does not only hurt the economy, but continuously damages it to a point of weakness and downfall. Population control in China has been hurting the Chinese people and destroying the Chinese economy for a span of 65 years, and continues to cause conflict even today. The one-child policy that exists within China’s communist government has and will continue to devastate the Chinese economy if forced sterilizations and abortions continue.Population control in China has been prevalent in the Chinese economy ever since the communists took over china in 1949. When Mao Zedong took over as the dictator of China in the 1950’s, he proposed what he called â€Å"The Great Leap Forward† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1). This giant movement encouraged the peoples of China â€Å"to have as many kids as possible in order to prove China’s greatness as the world’s most populous country† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1). Due to a major increase in China’s population, â€Å"famine and disease† became a major concern for the Chinese government (â€Å"China† 1).The â€Å"Wan Xi Shao† Program was introduced as a way to regulate China’s population by â€Å"promoting later marriages, longer intervals between births, and fewer children† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 1). â€Å"Deng Xiaoping† proposed the â€Å"wan Xi Shao† program in 1978 when he came to power; however, it was not passed until 1979 (â€Å"China† 2). The Wan Xi Shao program eventually evolved into the one-child policy which Encouraged and promoted the same ideals as the Wan Xi Shao program, but provided government funds to those Chinese families that followed th e policies (Friedman 5).With no â€Å"birth-control policy before the communists took over China in 1949, the fertility rate was 3. 7% per year†; As of a census in 2002, â€Å"the annual fertility rate in china has been reduced to 1. 2%† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 4,5). Chinese families are currently being pressured into having only one child by the communist government and the policies held by the government in China. The one-child policy was â€Å"designed to curb the overpopulation from the 1950’s-1980’s by limiting families to having only one child† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1).The One-child policy is mostly encouraged on â€Å"a local level† instead of a federal level (â€Å"China† 4). For each extra child, or â€Å"surplus† child, the family is required to pay fines and financial penalties. Also, these â€Å"surplus† children are ineligible for â€Å"extra bonuses and special programsâ €  funded by the Chinese government (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 4). In many rural parts of china, where the policy is less enforced, a family who has a first born female child may be allowed to have a second child â€Å"without being subjected to fees† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 5).This is because of the country’s traditional preference for boys; boys will regularly carry on the family name and care for their elderly parents. This is an example of the policy being enforced less federally and more locally where families can be accounted for. Also, in order to â€Å"promote ethnic minorities†, non-Han/Chinese families are encouraged to have more than one child without being subjected to any fees (â€Å"China† 6). However, even with these birth control policies in effect, â€Å"China’s population still ranks first in the world with 1,306,313,812 residents as of 2006† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 6).At this rate, â€Å"the number of people living in china is predicted to be as high as 1. 5 billion in 2025† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 7). If population regulation policies continue to be in effect in China, a massive gender imbalance may occur within the population of China. The Han, or Chinese culture’s, â€Å"traditional preference for boys† has led to many acquisitions of â€Å"female infanticide and abandonment† (Friedman 2). This means that because of the Han’s traditional preference boys, they have participated in killing off their female children.This may result in a large gender imbalance and may prove â€Å"disastrous to Chinese society in the future† (â€Å"One-child Policy†3). This imbalance within the Chinese population will eventually create a â€Å"shortage of women and leave some men unable to marry and reproduce† (Friedman 1). When these men will not be able to reproduce, a steady rise in â€Å"the il legal trafficking of women for marriage and prostitution† will occur in order to satisfy their needs (â€Å"One-child Policy† 13). Along with the rise in prostitution and trafficking of women, an increase in â€Å"the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases† will be imminent (Friedman 4).There are not many solutions to this particular problem and all of these solutions are delicate topics to discuss. The controversy on human rights in china is not likely to go away as long as it is argued in terms of â€Å"freedom vs. stability† (Shanor 2). As long as we are arguing for the people’s freedom of choice against the stability of a communist nation, a debate will never be won. Change may only come to china as it continues â€Å"to modernize and begins to see the extension of the rule of law not as a threat but as an advantage to its development† (Shanor 2).Winning this debate on human rights means â€Å"understanding that too much p ublic pressure of human rights† will only worsen the matter (Shanor 1). Only quite and gentle pressure could help such a change. The one-child policy is destroying the Chinese economy and social life within the Chinese government. The one-child policy has been in place for over 50 years and if it continues to prosper then life in china will not. Life in china will only head in a downward spiral. Population control must be terminated or it will continue to wreck and hurt the world’s economy. Birth Control in China: the One Child Policy Population Control In China â€Å" There are many ways to make the death rate increase† (Robert McNamara). The regulation of population via forced abortions, forced sterilizations, infanticide, and government programs does not only hurt the economy, but continuously damages it to a point of weakness and downfall. Population control in China has been hurting the Chinese people and destroying the Chinese economy for a span of 65 years, and continues to cause conflict even today. The one-child policy that exists within China’s communist government has and will continue to devastate the Chinese economy if forced sterilizations and abortions continue.Population control in China has been prevalent in the Chinese economy ever since the communists took over china in 1949. When Mao Zedong took over as the dictator of China in the 1950’s, he proposed what he called â€Å"The Great Leap Forward† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1). This giant movement encouraged the peoples of China â€Å"to have as many kids as possible in order to prove China’s greatness as the world’s most populous country† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1). Due to a major increase in China’s population, â€Å"famine and disease† became a major concern for the Chinese government (â€Å"China† 1).The â€Å"Wan Xi Shao† Program was introduced as a way to regulate China’s population by â€Å"promoting later marriages, longer intervals between births, and fewer children† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 1). â€Å"Deng Xiaoping† proposed the â€Å"wan Xi Shao† program in 1978 when he came to power; however, it was not passed until 1979 (â€Å"China† 2). The Wan Xi Shao program eventually evolved into the one-child policy which Encouraged and promoted the same ideals as the Wan Xi Shao program, but provided government funds to those Chinese families that followed th e policies (Friedman 5).With no â€Å"birth-control policy before the communists took over China in 1949, the fertility rate was 3. 7% per year†; As of a census in 2002, â€Å"the annual fertility rate in china has been reduced to 1. 2%† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 4,5). Chinese families are currently being pressured into having only one child by the communist government and the policies held by the government in China. The one-child policy was â€Å"designed to curb the overpopulation from the 1950’s-1980’s by limiting families to having only one child† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 1).The One-child policy is mostly encouraged on â€Å"a local level† instead of a federal level (â€Å"China† 4). For each extra child, or â€Å"surplus† child, the family is required to pay fines and financial penalties. Also, these â€Å"surplus† children are ineligible for â€Å"extra bonuses and special programsâ €  funded by the Chinese government (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 4). In many rural parts of china, where the policy is less enforced, a family who has a first born female child may be allowed to have a second child â€Å"without being subjected to fees† (â€Å"China Passes the One-Child Policy† 5).This is because of the country’s traditional preference for boys; boys will regularly carry on the family name and care for their elderly parents. This is an example of the policy being enforced less federally and more locally where families can be accounted for. Also, in order to â€Å"promote ethnic minorities†, non-Han/Chinese families are encouraged to have more than one child without being subjected to any fees (â€Å"China† 6). However, even with these birth control policies in effect, â€Å"China’s population still ranks first in the world with 1,306,313,812 residents as of 2006† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 6).At this rate, â€Å"the number of people living in china is predicted to be as high as 1. 5 billion in 2025† (â€Å"One-child Policy† 7). If population regulation policies continue to be in effect in China, a massive gender imbalance may occur within the population of China. The Han, or Chinese culture’s, â€Å"traditional preference for boys† has led to many acquisitions of â€Å"female infanticide and abandonment† (Friedman 2). This means that because of the Han’s traditional preference boys, they have participated in killing off their female children.This may result in a large gender imbalance and may prove â€Å"disastrous to Chinese society in the future† (â€Å"One-child Policy†3). This imbalance within the Chinese population will eventually create a â€Å"shortage of women and leave some men unable to marry and reproduce† (Friedman 1). When these men will not be able to reproduce, a steady rise in â€Å"the il legal trafficking of women for marriage and prostitution† will occur in order to satisfy their needs (â€Å"One-child Policy† 13). Along with the rise in prostitution and trafficking of women, an increase in â€Å"the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases† will be imminent (Friedman 4).There are not many solutions to this particular problem and all of these solutions are delicate topics to discuss. The controversy on human rights in china is not likely to go away as long as it is argued in terms of â€Å"freedom vs. stability† (Shanor 2). As long as we are arguing for the people’s freedom of choice against the stability of a communist nation, a debate will never be won. Change may only come to china as it continues â€Å"to modernize and begins to see the extension of the rule of law not as a threat but as an advantage to its development† (Shanor 2).Winning this debate on human rights means â€Å"understanding that too much p ublic pressure of human rights† will only worsen the matter (Shanor 1). Only quite and gentle pressure could help such a change. The one-child policy is destroying the Chinese economy and social life within the Chinese government. The one-child policy has been in place for over 50 years and if it continues to prosper then life in china will not. Life in china will only head in a downward spiral. Population control must be terminated or it will continue to wreck and hurt the world’s economy.

Expository Essay Writing

Expository Essay Writing Here are the main steps to follow when writing an expository essay. An expository essay is a type of paper, in which a student is supposed to set a concrete argument and then support it within the text. It is strongly recommended to plan your paper before writing it. The writer needs to find a good analytical question and create a powerful thesis statement. The main goals of an expository essay may be expressed by the following statements: An expository essay performs the analysis of a concrete concept. An expository essay is about an event, a situation or a scientific work. An expository essay explains some instructions  or describes how things should be done. To get a complete answer to the question What is an expository essay?, read our article on this topic: What Is an Expository Essay? Below are some tips for expository writing from our professional writers. 6  Steps of Expository Essay Writing Expository essays need to follow a specific pattern. Here are steps a student needs to take in order to create a substantial expository essay. Step 1:  Keep the main topic in sight. The topic is expected to be easy enough but try not to make it too general or too narrow. And if you have a choice of the subject, try something interesting and new. Select a topic which is exciting to read and avoid those ones that are difficult to write on. Step 2:  Collect the facts, do the background research. In the first place remember to mention the facts from reliable sources like peer-reviewed journals, books, and newspapers. It is a great idea to use statistics, research findings, chronicles of previous events and historical facts – everything that will provide your reader with a broad picture of the topic you have chosen. Step 3:  Define your thesis statement. Try to use this statement in the first paragraph. You may also mention your thesis statement in the last sentence of your essay. If you put it in your first paragraph, you should dwell on it in greater detail in subsequent sentences. If you decide to put the statement at the end, make sure the sentences preceding it are logically connected with one another, and gradually lead the reader to your thesis statement. Step 4:  Group the facts in body paragraphs.  Each body paragraph should offer one main idea. Use relevant facts and figures in each body paragraph. Avoid repeating same facts in different paragraphs. Step 5:  Use transition sentences between paragraphs. You should finish one paragraph logically and then transit into the next one, making your entire text coherent and logical. If you dont do this, your essay will lose its flow and structure. Step 6:  Make a conclusion.The conclusion of the essay sums up the essay and reiterates its main thoughts. Try not to repeat what you mentioned in your introduction to avoid redundancy in your text. Now when you are familiar with the main steps of expository writing, lets choose the topic for an expository essay: 50 Most Popular Expository Essay Topics Knowing the main rules and principles of expository essay writing you will be able to create excellent expository essays. If you have questions or still need additional clarification,  contact us, please. If you need your expository essay to be written and well-structured, place an order.  

Gerald Ford Essays - Vice Presidents Of The United States

Gerald Ford Essays - Vice Presidents Of The United States Gerald Ford When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts. It was indeed an unprecedented time. He had been the first Vice President chosen under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and, in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, was succeeding the first President ever to resign. Ford was confronted with almost insuperable tasks. There were the challenges of mastering inflation, reviving a depressed economy, solving chronic energy shortages, and trying to ensure world peace. The President acted to curb the trend toward Government intervention and spending as a means of solving the problems of American society and the economy. In the long run, he believed, this shift would bring a better life for all Americans. Ford's reputation for integrity and openness had made him popular during his 25 years in Congress. From 1965 to 1973, he was House Minority Leader. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, he grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He starred on the University of Michigan football team, then went to Yale, where he served as assistant coach while earning his law degree. During World War II he attained the rank of lieutenant commander in the Navy. After the war he returned to Grand Rapids, where he began the practice of law, and entered Republican politics. A few weeks before his election to Congress in 1948, he married Elizabeth Bloomer. They have four children: Michael, John, Steven, and Susan. As President, Ford tried to calm earlier controversies by granting former President Nixon a full pardon. His nominee for Vice President, former Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York, was the second person to fill that office by appointment. Gradually, Ford selected a cabinet of his own. Ford established his policies during his first year in office, despite opposition from a heavily Democratic Congress. His first goal was to curb inflation. Then, when recession became the Nation's most serious domestic problem, he shifted to measures aimed at stimulating the economy. But, still fearing inflation, Ford vetoed a number of non-military appropriations bills that would have further increased the already heavy budgetary deficit. During his first 14 months as President he vetoed 39 measures. His vetoes were usually sustained. Ford continued as he had in his Congressional days to view himself as a moderate in domestic affairs, a conservative in fiscal affairs, and a dyed-in-the-wool internationalist in foreign affairs. A major goal was to help business operate more freely by reducing taxes upon it and easing the controls exercised by regulatory agencies. We...declared our independence 200 years ago, and we are not about to lose it now to paper shufflers and computers, he said. In foreign affairs Ford acted vigorously to maintain U. S. power and prestige after the collapse of Cambodia and South Viet Nam. Preventing a new war in the Middle East remained a major objective; by providing aid to both Israel and Egypt, the Ford Administration helped persuade the two countries to accept an interim truce agreement. Detente with the Soviet Union continued. President Ford and Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev set new limitations upon nuclear weapons. President Ford won the Republican nomination for the Presidency in 1976, but lost the election to his Democratic opponent, former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia. On Inauguration Day, President Carter began his speech: For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land. A grateful people concurred. Bibliography When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts. It was indeed an unprecedented time. He had been the first Vice President chosen under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and, in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, was succeeding the first President ever to resign. Ford was confronted with almost insuperable tasks. There were the challenges of mastering inflation, reviving a depressed economy, solving chronic energy shortages, and trying to ensure world peace. The President acted to curb the trend toward Government intervention and spending as a means of solving the problems of American society and the economy. In the long run, he

Starbucks Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Analysis - Assignment Example In addition, the products of Starbucks are of high quality (Company spotlight: Starbucks 2010, p. 30). This is because Starbucks has been focusing to give its customers the best coffee and is not willing to compromise the quality. Notably, Starbucks also enjoys strategic locations and has an aesthetic appeal of its stores. This enables Starbucks to be accessible to customers from premium locations, high traffic regions, office buildings, and other countries with potential customers (Michelli 2007, p. 58). This enables Starbucks to take advantage of prime markets easily because of the design of the stores and the strategic location, presenting the customers with a level of convenience. The company has an effective human resource management team and strategies. This explains why its employees are highly knowledgeable and retained or long periods. The fact that Starbucks has social responsibility initiatives has led to goodwill among its customers, promoting the company’s sales. Lately, Starbucks has launched a diverse product mix, which will serve to satisfy the needs of different customers and is an outstanding strength. Worth noting is the fact that many customers of the Starbucks Company exhibit loyalty to the brand and have been regular customers for over 20 years. Moreover, Starbucks has also embraced technology and introduced mobile through its partnership with the Apple Company. The â€Å"App† makes use of either android or Apple software and contributes to the company’s growth (Senatore, Yang, & Wing 2011, p. 41). One of the notable weaknesses of the Starbucks Company is that its products are expensive. In the effort to give a unique Starbucks’s experience, Starbucks products are premium and may lack customers in the developing world. Worth noting is the fact that Starbucks has established numerous stores in certain regions leading to overcrowding. This eventually leads to self-cannibalization (Starbucks Corporation 2014, p. 15).

Consultancy business report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Consultancy business report - Term Paper Example organization that has progressed or has a vision for a brighter future is can be gagged by an analysis of how it takes care or manages its human resources. The saddest fact in the recent trend has been to assume or overlook the roles human resources play in a particular organization. With the current age of automation, scores of managers looks upon the machines as vital components for executing their business strategies. They tend to shift their focus from the human aspect of their business operations and concentrate on the technological aspect. On the same note, the current business age calls for comprehensive strategies from business organizations that aim to remain in the market. With globalization as the target mark for many companies, every business organization will strive to achieve it. However, the only route for the achievement of the same lays in the careful planning and implementations of an all inclusive market related plans that are termed as corporate strategies. The fo rmulation and implementations of corporate strategies has been seen as a decisive tool in the growth of a company only if a proper correlation between the same and the human capital has been made. For a long time, human capital has been only valued in terms of their labor output per unit; with their roles in the implementation of corporate ignored in most cases. This paper looks into the links between corporate strategy and human resources with due considerations to Sedibeng breweries from South Africa. A strategy is simply a plan that is aimed at making a company or a business organization to market itself to attain a larger share of market from its competitors (Miller, 1989). Thus, the process is entirely a marketing plan that is aimed at making that particular business unit to have a relatively different and unique platform that will distinguish its activities from those of its competitors, to gain a competitive advantage. If the management’s plan of making the company to gain a